Pre-refraction procedures, such as the measurement of vision or visual acuity and cover testing, are usually performed before the optimum refractive correction is determined. When patients habitually wear spectacles these procedures are conducted with the patient wearing those spectacles, if they...

Refraction procedures, such as retinoscopy and subjective refraction, are performed in order to determine the best refractive correction for each eye independently and, where appropriate, when the patient is binocular.

Post-refraction procedures, such as the ophthalmoscopy and Mallett unit testing, are usually performed after the optimum refractive correction has been determined. Some procedures, such as those assessing oculomotor balance, may be conducted pre- and post-refraction to determine if the new refrac...

These procedures go beyond the normal routine eye examination. They will flow from patient age, symptoms and/or signs, predisposing risk factors, or findings during the routine eye examination. Many will be subsequent to the routine examination and some on another day. They all have the potential...

There are three groups of procedures which help to achieve successful contact lens wear. Determining optimum lens parameters (including mode of wear and material), appropriately assessing the fit of the lens and, at aftercare, assessing the effects of lens wear on the external structures of the eye.

These binocular vision procedures go beyond those traditionally undertaken in a routine eye examination. In this section there are videos demonstrating how to determine the level of accommodative lag, assess accommodative facility, determine the presence of central scotoma and eccentric fixation ...

Demonstrations of cover-uncover and alternating cover tests and examples of comitant and incomitant deviations.
Comitant deviations include fully accommodative esotropia, micro-esotropia and A exophoria pattern. Incomitant deviations include Duane’s retraction syndrome, Brown’s syndrome, dysthyro...